Scleritis is painful, episcleritis is not painful A key way to discriminate between scleritis and episcleritis is the presence of pain. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is usually bilateral and associated more with dryness, burning and itch Rheumatoid arthritis: ocular manifestations Ocular manifestations …
Hypertension and haematuria are rare in minimal change glomerulonephritis Minimal change glomerulonephritis Minimal change glomerulonephritis nearly always presents as nephrotic syndrome, accounting for 75% of cases in children and 25% in adults The majority of cases are idiopathic, but in …
Painless vaginal bleeding without abdominal pain should raise suspicion of placenta praevia. In the UK, it is common to have an ultrasound scan during the first trimester and again around 20 weeks for an anomaly scan which the sonongrapher would …
Elbow pain The table below details some of the characteristic features of conditions causing elbow pain: Lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) Features pain and tenderness localised to the lateral epicondyle pain worse on resisted wrist extension with the elbow extended or …
One point for hypertension, one point for being over the age of 65 years (but under the age of 75 years) and two points (‘S2’) for the recent TIA. Atrial fibrillation: anticoagulation The European Society of Cardiology published updated guidelines …
An implantable cardioverter defibrillator is only required in high risk cases, for example if the patient has a QTc > 500ms or previous episodes of cardiac arrest. Long QT syndrome Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is an inherited condition associated with …
Cardiac tamponade Features dyspnoea raised JVP, with an absent Y descent – this is due to the limited right ventricular filling tachycardia hypotension muffled heart sounds pulsus paradoxus Kussmaul’s sign (much debate about this) ECG: electrical alternans The key differences …
Patent ductus arteriosus – collapsing pulse Patent ductus arteriosus Overview acyanotic congenital heart defect connection between the pulmonary trunk and descending aorta more common in premature babies, born at high altitude or maternal rubella infection in the first trimester Features …
These are classical findings of a circumflex occlusion. The table below shows how the changes correspond to the cardiac anatomy: ST elevation greater in lead II than in lead III with abnormal Q waves in II, III, and aVF Inferior …
Methadone is a common cause of QT prolongation Long QT syndrome Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is an inherited condition associated with delayed repolarization of the ventricles. It is important to recognise as it may lead to ventricular tachycardia and can …