This question is purely testing your knowledge of the biliary tree anatomy. The Hepatopancreatic ampulla, otherwise known as the Ampulla of Vater, is formed from the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct. It opens into the second part of …
Case-control studies – odds ratio Study design The following table highlights the main features of the main types of study: Randomized controlled trial Participants randomly allocated to intervention or control group (e.g. standard treatment or placebo) Practical or ethical problems …
Foramina of the skull Questions asking about foramina of the skull have come up in the exam in previous years. Below is a brief summary of the major foramina, please see the Wikipedia link for a full list. Foramen Bone …
Relative risk reduction = (EER – CER) / CER Experimental event rate, EER = 40 / 200 = 0.2 Control event rate, CER = 100 / 400 = 0.25 Relative risk reduction = (EER – CER) / CER = (0.2 …
Renal anatomy The tables below show the anatomical relations of the kidneys: Right kidney Direct contact Layer of peritoneum in-between Right suprarenal gland Duodenum, Colon, Liver, Distal part of small intestine Left kidney Direct contact Layer of peritoneum in-between Left …
IgD is involved in the activation of B-cells Immunoglobulins The table below summarizes the characteristics of the 5 types of immunoglobulin found in the body: IgG 75% Monomer Enhance phagocytosis of bacteria and viruses, pass to fetal circulation IgA 15% …
Positive predictive value = true positives / (true positives + false positives) = 19 / (19 + 20) Screening test statistics It would be unusual for a medical exam not to feature a question based around screening test statistics. The …
Epidermis – 5 layers – bottom layer = stratum germinativum which gives rise to keratinocytes and contains melanocytes Epidermis The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin and is composed of a stratified squamous epithelium with an underlying basal …
Gastrointestinal hormones Below is a brief summary of the major hormones involved in food digestion Source Stimulus Actions Gastrin G cells in antrum of the stomach Distension of stomach, vogue nerves (mediated by gastrin-releasing peptide), luminal peptides/amino acids Increase HCL, …
Hyperacusis results from paralysis of the stapedius muscle. Overflow of tears may occur but hyperlacrimation does not. Facial nerve Supply – ‘face, ear, taste, tear’ face: muscles of facial expression ear: nerve to stapedius taste: supplies anterior two-thirds of tongue …