Autoimmune hepatitis Autoimmune hepatitis is condition of unknown aetiology which is most commonly seen in young females. Recognised associations include other autoimmune disorders, hypergammaglobulinaemia and HLA B8, DR3. Three types of autoimmune hepatitis have been characterised according to the types …
Skin prick testing would be first-line here as it is inexpensive and a large number of allergens can be investigated. Whilst there is a role for IgE testing in food allergy it is in the form of specific IgE antibodies …
Coeliac disease Coeliac disease is caused by sensitivity to the protein gluten. Repeated exposure leads to villous atrophy which in turn causes malabsorption. Conditions associated with coeliac disease include dermatitis herpetiformis (a vesicular, pruritic skin eruption) and autoimmune disorders (type …
The short incubation period and severe vomiting point to a diagnosis of Staphylococcusaureus food poisoning. Gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis may either occur whilst at home or whilst travelling abroad (travellers’ diarrhoea) Travellers’ diarrhoea may be defined as at least 3 loose to …
A contingency table can be constructed from the above data, as shown below: Heart failure No heart failure Test positive 40 20 Test negative 10 430 Positive predictive value = TP / (TP + FP) = 40 / (40 + …
The RET oncogene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase and is associated with MEN type 2. Papillary thyroid cancer also appears to be associated with the RET oncogene Multiple endocrine neoplasia The table below summarizes the three main types of multiple …
Whilst a case-control study may be used it would provide inferior evidence to that of a cohort study. It is of course not ethical to give women placebo contraceptive pills, as would be required with a randomised control trial Study …
Tropomyosin is a protein which regulates actin. It associates with actin in muscle fibers and regulates muscle contraction by regulating the binding of myosin. Cardiac enzymes and protein markers Interpretation of the various cardiac enzymes has now largely been super …
Remember that risk and odds are different. If 20 patients die out of every 100 who have a myocardial infarction then the risk of dying is 20 / 100 = 0.2 whereas the odds are 20 / 80 = 0.25. …
Renal anatomy The tables below show the anatomical relations of the kidneys: Right kidney Direct contact Layer of peritoneum in-between Right suprarenal gland Duodenum Colon Liver Distal part of small intestine Left kidney Direct contact Layer of peritoneum in-between Left …