Protein degradation in eukaryotes is also carried out by protein complexes called proteasomes. Cell organelles The table below summarizes the main functions of the major cell organelles: Organelle/macromolecule Main function Endoplasmic reticulum Translation and folding of new proteins (rough endoplasmic …
Cell division There are two types of cell division; mitosis and meiosis Mitosis Meiosis Occurs in somatic cells Occurs in gametes Results in 2 diploid daughter cells Results in 4 haploid daughter cells Daughter cells are genetically identical to parent …
Lower back pain: prolapsed disc A prolapsed lumbar disc usually produces clear dermatomal leg pain associated with neurological deficits. Features leg pain usually worse than back pain often worse when sitting The table below demonstrates the expected features according to …
A prostaglandin analogue should be used first-line in patients with a history of asthma. Primary open-angle glaucoma: management The majority of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma are managed with eye drops. These aim to lower intra-ocular pressure which in turn …
Whilst optic neuritis can present with sudden loss, in this 62-year-old man it is the least likely option. Typically there is a unilateral decrease in visual acuity over hours or days. There may be poor discrimination of colours and eye …
Odds – remember a ratio of the number of people who incur a particular outcome to the number of people who do not incur the outcome NOT a ratio of the number of people who incur a particular outcome to …
Significance tests A null hypothesis (H0) states that two treatments are equally effective (and is hence negatively phrased). A significance test uses the sample data to assess how likely the null hypothesis is to be correct. For example: ‘there is …
Clusters of differentiation The table below lists the major clusters of differentiation (CD) molecules CD1 HLA molecule that presents lipid molecules CD2 Found on thymocytes, T cells, and some natural killer cells that acts as a ligand for CD58 and …
Significance tests A null hypothesis (H0) states that two treatments are equally effective (and is hence negatively phrased). A significance test uses the sample data to assess how likely the null hypothesis is to be correct. For example: ‘there is …
Cell organelles The table below summarizes the main functions of the major cell organelles: Organelle/macromolecule Main function Endoplasmic reticulum Translation and folding of new proteins (rough endoplasmic reticulum), expression of lipids (smooth endoplasmic reticulum) Golgi apparatus Sorting and modification of …