Gastrointestinal hormones Below is a brief summary of the major hormones involved in food digestion: Source Stimulus Actions Gastrin G cells in antrum of the stomach Distension of stomach, vagus nerves (mediated by gastrin-releasing peptide), luminal peptides/amino acids Inhibited by: …
As sudden infant death syndrome is relatively rare a case-control design is more appropriate than a cohort study. Study design The following table highlights the main features of the main types of study: Randomised controlled trial Participants randomly allocated to …
The question is limited to the 80 patients who’ve been given bisphosphonates. Odds are a ratio of the number of people who incur a particular outcome to the number of people who do not incur the outcome. 40 of the …
Oxygen dissociation curve shifts Left – Lower oxygen delivery – Lower acidity, temp, 2-3 DPG – also HDF, carboxy/methemoglobin shifts Right – Raised oxygen delivery – Raised acidity, temp, 2-3 DPG Oxygen dissociation curve The oxygen dissociation curve describes the …
Specificity = true negatives / (true negatives + false positives) = 680 / (680 + 100) Screening test statistics It would be unusual for a medical exam not to feature a question based around screening test statistics. The available data …
Cytotoxic agents The table below summarises the mechanism of action and major adverse effects of commonly used cytotoxic agents Cytotoxic Mechanism of action Adverse effects Vincristine Inhibits formation of microtubules Peripheral neuropathy (reversible) Cisplatin Causes cross-linking in DNA Ototoxicity, peripheral …
Lofepramine – the safest TCA in overdosage Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are used less commonly now for depression due to their side- effects and toxicity in overdose. They are however used widely in the treatment of neuropathic pain, where …
The mother may be suffering from puerperal psychosis and needs urgent admission to allow psychiatric evaluation Post-partum mental health problems Post-partum mental health problems range from the ‘baby-blues’ to puerperal psychosis ‘Baby-blues’ Postnatal depression Puerperal psychosis Seen in around 60-70% …
Post-natal depression is seen in around 10% of women Post-partum mental health problems Post-partum mental health problems range from the ‘baby-blues’ to puerperal psychosis ‘Baby-blues’ Postnatal depression Puerperal psychosis Seen in around 60-70% of Women Typically seen 3-7 days following …
These antimuscarinic side-effects are more common with imipramine than other types of tricyclic antidepressants. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are used less commonly now for depression due to their side- effects and toxicity in overdose. They are however used widely …