Congenital rubella sensorineural deafness congenital cataracts Congenital infections The major congenital infections encountered in examinations are rubella, toxoplasmosis and cytomegalovirus Cytomegalovirus is the most common congenital infection in the UK. Maternal infection is usually asymptomatic Rubella Toxoplasmosis Cytomegalovirus Characteristic features …
Meningitis: management Investigations suggested by NICE full blood count CRP coagulation screen blood culture whole-blood PCR blood glucose blood gas Lumbar puncture if no signs of raised intracranial pressure Management All patients should be transferred to hospital urgently. If patients …
HIV – multiple ring enhancing lesions = toxoplasmosis Cerebral toxoplasmosis is the most common neurological infection seen in HIV, occurring in up to 10% of patients HIV: neurocomplications Generalised neurological disease Encephalitis may be due to CMV or HIV itself …
Electrical activity of the heart Myocardial action potential Phase Description Mechanism 0 Rapid depolarization Rapid sodium influx These channels automatically deactivate after a few m 1 Early repolarization Efflux of potassium 2 Plateau Slow influx of calcium 3 Final repolarization …
Proteinuria suggests pre-eclampsia Hypertension in pregnancy The classification of hypertension in pregnancy is complicated and varies. Remember, in normal pregnancy blood pressure usually falls in the first trimester (particularly the diastolic), and continues to fall until 20-24 weeks after this …
Gastrointestinal hormones Below is a brief summary of the major hormones involved in food digestion: Source Stimulus Actions Gastrin G cells in antrum of the stomach Distension of stomach, vague nerves (mediated by gastrin-releasing peptide), luminal peptides/amino acids Inhibited by: …
A contingency table can be constructed from the above data, as shown below: Ovarian cancer No ovarian cancer Test positive 16 10 Test negative 4 890 The negative predictive value = TN / (TN + FN) = 890 / (890 …
Significance tests A null hypothesis (H0) states that two treatments are equally effective (and is hence negatively phrased). A significance test uses the sample data to assess how likely the null hypothesis is to be correct. For example ‘there is …
Relative risk = EER / CER Experimental event rate, EER = 10 / 200 = 0.05 Control event rate, CER = 12 / 600 = 0.02 Therefore the relative risk = EER / CER = 0.05 / 0.02 = 2.5 …
Transfer factor raised: asthma, hemorrhage, left-to-right shunts, polycythemia low: everything else Transfer factor The transfer factor describes the rate at which a gas will diffuse from alveoli into blood. Carbon monoxide is used to test the rate of diffusion. Results …