Remember to calculate the odds, rather than risk, initially: Odds of a golfer developing medial epicondylitis = 30 / 30 = 1 Odds a non-golfer developing medial epicondylitis = 10 / 50 = 0.2 The odds ratio is therefore = …
Skin disorders associated with malignancy Paraneoplastic syndromes associated with internal malignancies: Skin disorder Associated malignancies Acanthosis nigricans Gastric cancer Acquired ichthyosis Lymphoma Acquired hypertrichosis lanuginosa Gastrointestinal and lung cancer Dermatomyositis Ovarian and lung cancer Erythema gyratum repens Lung cancer Erythroderma …
This patient has developed hepatorenal syndrome Hepatorenal syndrome: management The management of hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is notoriously difficult. The ideal treatment is liver transplantation but patients are often too unwell to have surgery and there is a shortage of donors …
Child-Pugh classification of liver cirrhosis The Child-Pugh classification is a scoring system to assess the severity of liver cirrhosis Score 1 2 3 Bilirubin (μmol/l) <34 34-50 >50 Albumin (g/l) >35 28-35 <28 Prothrombin time, prolonged by (s) <4 4-6 …
The incubation period and prolonged, non-bloody diarrhoea point towards giardiasis Gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis may either occur whilst at home or whilst travelling abroad (travellers’ diarrhoea) Travellers’ diarrhoea may be defined as at least 3 loose to watery stools in 24 hours …
Ulcerative colitis – the rectum is the most common site affected Ulcerative colitis Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a form of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammation always starts at rectum (hence it is the most common site for UC), never spreads beyond …
Hypo-, not hypersplenism is seen in coeliac disease Coeliac disease Coeliac disease is caused by sensitivity to the protein gluten. Repeated exposure leads to villous atrophy which in turn causes malabsorption. Conditions associated with coeliac disease include dermatitis herpetiformis (a …
Deterioration in patient with hepatitis B – ? hepatocellular carcinoma Hepatitis B Hepatitis B is a double-stranded DNA virus and is spread through exposure to infected blood or body fluids, including vertical transmission from mother to child. The incubation period …
Smooth muscle antibodies are associated with autoimmune hepatitis. Presentation is usually insidious and extrahepatic clinical features are common Autoimmune hepatitis Autoimmune hepatitis is condition of unknown aetiology which is most commonly seen in young females. Recognised associations include other autoimmune …
Alkaline phosphatase is significantly elevated in pregnancy. This would also explain the borderline anaemia Alkaline phosphatase Causes of raised alkaline phosphatase (ALP) liver: cholestasis, hepatitis, fatty liver, neoplasia Paget’s osteomalacia bone metastases hyperparathyroidism renal failure physiological: pregnancy, growing children, healing …