Tumour markers Tumour markers may be divided into: monoclonal antibodies against carbohydrate or glycoprotein tumour antigens tumour antigens enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, neurone specific enolase) hormones (e.g. calcitonin, ADH) It should be noted that tumour markers usually have a low specificity …
Taxanes (e.g. Docetaxel) prevent microtubule disassembly Like other taxanes the principal mechanism of action is the prevention of microtubule disassembly. Cytotoxic agents The table below summarises the mechanism of action and major adverse effects of commonly used cytotoxic agents Cytotoxic …
Cytotoxic agents The table below summarises the mechanism of action and major adverse effects of commonly used cytotoxic agents Cytotoxic Mechanism of action Adverse effects Vincristine Inhibits formation of microtubules Peripheral neuropathy (reversible) Cisplatin Causes cross-linking in DNA Ototoxicity, peripheral …
Tumour markers Tumour markers may be divided into: monoclonal antibodies against carbohydrate or glycoprotein tumour antigens tumour antigens enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, neurone specific enolase) hormones (e.g. calcitonin, ADH) It should be noted that tumour markers usually have a low specificity …
This patient has Meig’s syndrome – an ovarian fibroma associated with a pleural effusion and ascites Tumour markers Tumour markers may be divided into: monoclonal antibodies against carbohydrate or glycoprotein tumour antigens tumour antigens enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, neurone specific enolase) …
Heparin There are two main types of heparin – unfractionated, ‘standard’ heparin or low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). Heparins generally act by activating antithrombin III. Unfractionated heparin forms a complex which inhibits thrombin, factors Xa, IXa, XIa and XIIa. LMWH …
Metastatic bone pain may respond to NSAIDs, bisphosphonates or radiotherapy Bone pain often responds well to NSAIDs. Both radiotherapy and bisphosphonates have a role in managing bony pain but these are not first-line treatments Palliative care prescribing: pain NICE guidelines …
Vincristine – peripheral neuropathy Cytotoxic agents The table below summarises the mechanism of action and major adverse effects of commonly used cytotoxic agents Cytotoxic Mechanism of action Adverse effects Vincristine Inhibits formation of microtubules Peripheral neuropathy (reversible) Cisplatin Causes cross-linking …
Power = 1 – the probability of a type II error Significance tests A null hypothesis (H0) states that two treatments are equally effective (and is hence negatively phrased). A significance test uses the sample data to assess how likely …
Odds – remember a ratio of the number of people who incur a particular outcome to the number of people who do not incur the outcome NOT a ratio of the number of people who incur a particular outcome to …