Elbow pain The table below details some of the characteristic features of conditions causing elbow pain: Lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) Features pain and tenderness localised to the lateral epicondyle pain worse on resisted wrist extension with the elbow extended or …
One point for hypertension, one point for being over the age of 65 years (but under the age of 75 years) and two points (‘S2’) for the recent TIA. Atrial fibrillation: anticoagulation The European Society of Cardiology published updated guidelines …
Cardiac tamponade Features dyspnoea raised JVP, with an absent Y descent – this is due to the limited right ventricular filling tachycardia hypotension muffled heart sounds pulsus paradoxus Kussmaul’s sign (much debate about this) ECG: electrical alternans The key differences …
Patent ductus arteriosus – collapsing pulse Patent ductus arteriosus Overview acyanotic congenital heart defect connection between the pulmonary trunk and descending aorta more common in premature babies, born at high altitude or maternal rubella infection in the first trimester Features …
These are classical findings of a circumflex occlusion. The table below shows how the changes correspond to the cardiac anatomy: ST elevation greater in lead II than in lead III with abnormal Q waves in II, III, and aVF Inferior …
Methadone is a common cause of QT prolongation Long QT syndrome Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is an inherited condition associated with delayed repolarization of the ventricles. It is important to recognise as it may lead to ventricular tachycardia and can …
In cardiac tamponade there is characteristically no Y descent on the JVP. The other four features are seen in both cardiac tamponade and constrictive pericarditis Cardiac tamponade Features dyspnoea raised JVP, with an absent Y descent – this is due …
This lady has pre-existing hypertension. Pregnancy related blood pressure problems (such as pregnancyinduced hypertension or pre-eclampsia) do not occur before 20 weeks. The raised ambulatory blood pressure readings exclude a diagnosis of white-coat hypertension. Note the use of the term …
Myoglobin rises first following a myocardial infarction Cardiac enzymes and protein markers Interpretation of the various cardiac enzymes has now largely been superceded by the introduction of troponin T and I. Questions still however commonly appear in the MRCP Key …
Next question Hypocalcaemia, not hypercalcaemia, causes prolongation of the QT interval and hence may predispose to the development of torsade de pointes Long QT syndrome Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is an inherited condition associated with delayed repolarization of the ventricles. …