Case-control studies – odds ratio Study design The following table highlights the main features of the main types of study: Randomized controlled trial Participants randomly allocated to intervention or control group (e.g. standard treatment or placebo) Practical or ethical problems …
Foramina of the skull Questions asking about foramina of the skull have come up in the exam in previous years. Below is a brief summary of the major foramina, please see the Wikipedia link for a full list. Foramen Bone …
Relative risk reduction = (EER – CER) / CER Experimental event rate, EER = 40 / 200 = 0.2 Control event rate, CER = 100 / 400 = 0.25 Relative risk reduction = (EER – CER) / CER = (0.2 …
Renal anatomy The tables below show the anatomical relations of the kidneys: Right kidney Direct contact Layer of peritoneum in-between Right suprarenal gland Duodenum, Colon, Liver, Distal part of small intestine Left kidney Direct contact Layer of peritoneum in-between Left …
IgD is involved in the activation of B-cells Immunoglobulins The table below summarizes the characteristics of the 5 types of immunoglobulin found in the body: IgG 75% Monomer Enhance phagocytosis of bacteria and viruses, pass to fetal circulation IgA 15% …
Positive predictive value = true positives / (true positives + false positives) = 19 / (19 + 20) Screening test statistics It would be unusual for a medical exam not to feature a question based around screening test statistics. The …
Epidermis – 5 layers – bottom layer = stratum germinativum which gives rise to keratinocytes and contains melanocytes Epidermis The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin and is composed of a stratified squamous epithelium with an underlying basal …
Gastrointestinal hormones Below is a brief summary of the major hormones involved in food digestion Source Stimulus Actions Gastrin G cells in antrum of the stomach Distension of stomach, vogue nerves (mediated by gastrin-releasing peptide), luminal peptides/amino acids Increase HCL, …
Hyperacusis results from paralysis of the stapedius muscle. Overflow of tears may occur but hyperlacrimation does not. Facial nerve Supply – ‘face, ear, taste, tear’ face: muscles of facial expression ear: nerve to stapedius taste: supplies anterior two-thirds of tongue …
Cell organelles The table below summarizes the main functions of the major cell organelles: Organelle/macromolecule Main function Endoplasmic reticulum Translation and folding of new proteins (rough endoplasmic reticulum), expression of lipids (smooth endoplasmic reticulum) Golgi apparatus Sorting and modification of …