LEFT BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK (LBBB) It is always good to be able to recognise a LBBB on an ECG LBBB is best seen in lead V6, where you would see a broad complex with an “M” morphology. This broad complex …
It is clear from the stem that this patient has mitral regurgitation. There are two types of mitral regurgitation: primary (degenerative) MR and secondary (functional) MR. From the patient’s past medical history we can see that she has had a …
Acute renal failure is one of the causes of hyperkaleimia. Together with the ECG findings points towards hyperkaleimia as the answer. ECG CHARACTERISTICS IN ELECTROLYTE DISBALANCE Hyperkalaemia: Tall-tented T waves, small P waves, widened QRS leading to a sinusoidal pattern …
Acute renal failure is one of the causes of hyperkaleimia. Together with the ECG findings points towards hyperkaleimia as the answer. ECG CHARACTERISTICS IN ELECTROLYTE DISBALANCE Hyperkalaemia: Tall-tented T waves, small P waves, widened QRS leading to a sinusoidal pattern …
If you look at V1 alone, you would see the characteristic “flutter waves” which are a “sawtooth” shape. The flutter waves replace the P waves. In general, this is managed in the same way as an atrial fibrillation. ATRIAL FLUTTER …
Not all myocardial infarction presents with the typical cardiac chest pain symptoms. Some may present with atypical chest pain which can be described as an ache or discomfort. Other atypical symptoms include abdominal discomfort or epigastric pain. As there is …
The patient has mitral regurgitation secondary to rheumatic fever. Some exam clinchers for mitral regurgitation: Previous disease that affects the mitral valve Signs and symptoms of pulmonary oedema will appear in the stem Panysystolic murmur at the cardiac apex is …
A low respiratory rate, constricted pupils, semiconscious are features of opioid poisoning. Naloxone is a specific antagonist for opioids and used especially in opioid overdose to reverse coma and respiratory depression. When given intravenously, it can begin to work within …
STAGES OF HYPOVOLAEMIC SHOCK For adults, the clinical staging relating to loss of blood volume can be classified as: Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Blood loss 10- 15% 15-30% 30-40% Over 40% Blood pressur e Normal Postural …