Indirect inguinal hernias occur when abdominal contents protrude through the deep inguinal ring, lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels; this may be caused by failure of embryonic closure of the processus vaginalis. An indirect inguinal hernia like other inguinal hernias …
In acute mesenteric ischaemia, VBG typically show a high lactate. If an ABG would have been performed, it would reveal severe metabolic acidosis with a high lactate. Atrial fibrillation is the likely cause of the embolism that has caused the …
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is especially important to monitor response totreatment and identify relapse in tumours showing raised CEA at diagnosis (e.g.colorectal cancers) The history of the right upper quadrant discomfort and the examinations of a palpableliver are descriptions of tumour …
The picture shows a red arm but there are no blisters seen and so this can be classified as a superficial burn. Most superficial burns if dressing is required can be managed with a simple non- adherent dressing plus an …
This patient is less than 55 years old and does not have any red flags. As his initial antibodies for Helicobacter pylori are negative and his symptoms have not resolved, it would be appropriate to refer this patient for an …
High MCV and low Hb – Macrocytic anaemia These findings together with a history of ileal resection whereby malabsorption of B12 could occur, points towards the diagnosis of B12 deficiency. COMPARISON OF CAUSES BETWEEN VITAMIN B12 AND FOLATE DEFICIENCY Cause …
This is most likely ulcerative colitis. Note that aphthous oral ulcers can actually be seen in both ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease although commonly, literature would classify aphthous oral ulcersto be a feature seen only in Crohn’s disease. It is …
A low respiratory rate, constricted pupils, semiconscious are features of opioid poisoning. Naloxone is a specific antagonist for opioids and used especially in opioid overdose to reverse coma and respiratory depression. When given intravenously, it can begin to work within …
STAGES OF HYPOVOLAEMIC SHOCK For adults, the clinical staging relating to loss of blood volume can be classified as: Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Blood loss 10-15% 15-30% 30-40% Over 40% Blood pressure Normal Postural hypotension Hypotension …
The diagnosis can be seen with the examination of the ear. A red tympanic membrane that is bulging is classical for otitis media. We know that the membrane is bulging because there is a loss of light reflex. The light …