Pain on swallowing (odynophagia) is a typical of oesophageal candidiasis, a well documented complication of inhaled steroid therapy Dysphagia The table below gives characteristic exam question features for conditions causing dysphagia: Oesophageal cancer Dysphagia may be associated with weight loss, …
The combination of deranged LFTs combined with secondary amenorrhoea in a young female strongly suggest autoimmune hepatitis Autoimmune hepatitis Autoimmune hepatitis is condition of unknown aetiology which is most commonly seen in young females. Recognised associations include other autoimmune disorders, …
Child-Pugh classification of liver cirrhosis The Child-Pugh classification is a scoring system to assess the severity of liver cirrhosis Score 1 2 3 Bilirubin (μmol/l) <34 34-50 >50 Albumin (g/l) >35 28-35 <28 Prothrombin time, prolonged by (s) <4 4-6 …
E. coli is the most common cause of travellers’ diarrhoea Gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis may either occur whilst at home or whilst travelling abroad (travellers’ diarrhoea) Travellers’ diarrhoea may be defined as at least 3 loose to watery stools in 24 hours …
An elevated prothrombin time signifies liver failure in paracetamol overdose and is a marker of poor prognosis. However, arterial pH, creatinine and encephalopathy are also markers of a need for liver transplantation Paracetamol overdose: management Management The following is based …
Severe nausea and vomiting are caused by enterotoxins A-E Gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis may either occur whilst at home or whilst travelling abroad (travellers’ diarrhoea) Travellers’ diarrhoea may be defined as at least 3 loose to watery stools in 24 hours with …
Stag-horn calculi composed of Struvite (ammonium magnesium phosphate, triple phosphate) form in alkaline urine (ammonia producing bacteria such as Ureaplasma urealyticum and Proteus therefore predispose) Renal stones: imaging The table below summarises the appearance of different types of renal stone …
ATN or prerenal uraemia? In prerenal uraemia think of the kidneys holding on to sodium to preserve volume Acute renal failure: acute tubular necrosis vs. Prerenal uraemia Prerenal uraemia – kidneys hold on to sodium to preserve volume Pre-renal uraemia …
ADPKD type 2 = chromosome 4 = 15% of cases ADPKD Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common inherited cause of kidney disease, affecting 1 in 1,000 Caucasians. Two disease loci have been identified, PKD1 and PKD2, …
The eGFR is often inaccurate in people with extremes of muscle mass. Body builders often have an inappropriately low eGFR. Chronic kidney disease: eGFR and classification Serum creatinine may not provide an accurate estimate of renal function due to differences …