Renal stones on x-ray cystine stones: semi-opaque urate + xanthine stones: radio-lucent Renal stones: imaging The table below summarises the appearance of different types of renal stone on x-ray Type Frequency Radiograph appearance Calcium oxalate 40% Opaque Mixed calcium oxalate/phosphate …
ATN or prerenal uraemia? In prerenal uraemia think of the kidneys holding on to sodium to preserve volume The low urine sodium points towards prerenal uraemia, as does the urine:plasma osmolality and urea ratio Acute renal failure: acute tubular necrosis …
Alfentanil, buprenorphine and fentanyl are the preferred opioids in patients with chronic kidney disease. Palliative care prescribing: pain NICE guidelines In 2012 NICE published guidelines on the use of opioids in palliative care. Selected points are listed below. Please see …
Ultrasound is the screening test for adult polycystic kidney disease Genetic testing is still not routinely recommended for screening family members. Sensitivity for ADPKD1 is 99% for at-risk patients older than 20 years ADPKD Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) …
GFR tends to increase during pregnancy although the eGFR may not reflect this. Chronic kidney disease: eGFR and classification Serum creatinine may not provide an accurate estimate of renal function due to differences in muscle. For this reason formulas were …
As he is not diabetic this result is not clinically significant Chronic kidney disease: proteinuria Proteinuria is an important marker of chronic kidney disease, especially for diabetic nephropathy. NICE recommend using the albumin:creatinine ratio (ACR) in preference to the protein:creatinine …
Most cases of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) are due to a mutation in the PKD1 gene. The PKD1 gene encodes for a polycystin-1, a large cell-surface glycoprotein of unknown function ADPKD Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is …
Gastrointestinal hormones Below is a brief summary of the major hormones involved in food digestion: Source Stimulu Actions Gastrin G cells in antrum of the stomach Distension of stomach, vague nerves (mediated by gastrin-releasing peptide), luminal peptides/amino acids Inhibited by: …
ATN or prerenal uraemia? In prerenal uraemia think of the kidneys holding on to sodium to preserve volume Acute renal failure: acute tubular necrosis vs. Prerenal uraemia Prerenal uraemia – kidneys hold on to sodium to preserve volume Pre-renal uraemia …
CKD: only diagnose stages 1 & 2 if supporting evidence to accompany eGFR Chronic kidney disease is only diagnosed in this situation if supporting tests such as urinalysis or renal ultrasound are abnormal Chronic kidney disease: eGFR and classification Serum …