Tinnitus Causes of tinnitus include: Meniere’s disease Associated with hearing loss, vertigo, tinnitus and sensation of fullness or pressure in one or both ears Otosclerosis Onset is usually at 20-40 years Conductive deafness Tinnitus Normal tympanic membrane* Positive family history …
Whilst the majority of IgA is found in secretions there is a significant quantity present in blood. IgE makes up less than 0.1% of immunoglobulins Immunoglobulins The table below summarizes the characteristics of the 5 types of immunoglobulin found in …
This man has expressive aphasia due to a lesion in Broca’s area, located on the posterior aspect of the frontal lobe, in the inferior frontal gyrus Brain lesions The following neurological disorders/features may allow localisation of a brain lesion: Gross …
Cell organelles The table below summarizes the main functions of the major cell organelles: Organelle/Macromolecule Main Function Endoplasmic reticulum Translation and folding of new proteins (rough endoplasmic reticulum), expression of lipids (smooth endoplasmic reticulum) Golgi apparatus Sorting and modification of …
Brain lesions The following neurological disorders/features may allow localisation of a brain lesion: Gross anatomy Parietal lobe lesions sensory inattention apraxias astereognosis (tactile agnosia) inferior homonymous quadrantanopia Gerstmann’s syndrome (lesion of dominant parietal): alexia, acalculia, finger agnosia and right-left disorientation …
Negative predictive value = TN / (TN + FN) = 172 / (172 + 5) Screening test statistics It would be unusual for a medical exam not to feature a question based around screening test statistics. The available data should …
Post-lumbar puncture headache Headache following lumbar puncture (LP) occurs in approximately one-third of patients. The pathophysiology of is unclear but may relate to a ‘leak’ of CSF following dural puncture. Post-LP headaches are more common in young females with a …
Long QT syndrome – usually due to loss-of-function/blockage of K+ channels In long QT syndrome QT prolongation is due to overload of myocardial cells with positively charged ions during ventricular repolarisation. Around 90-95% of inherited causes are due to defects …
This TIA lasted greater than 60 minutes which scores 2 as part of the ABCD2 prognostic scoring system. It is therefore the most significant factor which would increase his risk of going on to have a stroke. Transient ischaemic attack …
Dystrophia myotonica – DM1 distal weakness initially autosomal dominant diabetes dysarthria These features are typical of myotonic dystrophy. The red-reflex is lost due to bilateral cataracts Myotonic dystrophy Myotonic dystrophy (also called dystrophia myotonica) is an inherited myopathy with features …