Primary open-angle glaucoma: management The majority of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma are managed with eye drops. These aim to lower intra-ocular pressure which in turn has been shown to prevent progressive loss of visual field. Medication Mode of action …
Posterior vitreous detachment is thought to occur in up to 50-75% of the population over 65 years and is the most likely diagnosis here. Such patients are normally reviewed by an ophthalmologist to assess the risk of progressing to retinal …
The history of diabetes, complete loss of vision in the affected eye and inability to visualise the retina point towards a diagnosis of vitreous haemorrhage. Please see the table below for help in differentiating retinal detachment from vitreous haemorrhage. Sudden …
Horner’s syndrome Features miosis (small pupil) ptosis enophthalmos* (sunken eye) anhydrosis (loss of sweating one side) Distinguishing between causes heterochromia (difference in iris colour) is seen in congenital Horner’s anhydrosis: see below Central lesions Pre-ganglionic lesions Post-ganglionic lesions Anhydrosis of …
Sudden painless loss of vision The most common causes of a sudden painless loss of vision are as follows: ischaemic optic neuropathy (e.g. temporal arteritis or atherosclerosis) occlusion of central retinal vein occlusion of central retinal artery vitreous haemorrhage retinal …
Flashes and floaters – vitreous/retinal detachment Flashes and floaters are symptoms of vitreous detachment. The patient is at risk of retinal detachment and should be referred urgently to an ophthalmologist Sudden painless loss of vision The most common causes of …
Horner’s syndrome – anhydrosis determines site of lesion: head, arm, trunk = central lesion: stroke, syringomyelia just face = pre-ganglionic lesion: Pancoast’s, cervical rib absent = post-ganglionic lesion: carotid artery Horner’s syndrome Features miosis (small pupil) ptosis enophthalmos* (sunken eye) …
Protein degradation in eukaryotes is also carried out by protein complexes called proteasomes. Cell organelles The table below summarizes the main functions of the major cell organelles: Organelle/macromolecule Main function Endoplasmic reticulum Translation and folding of new proteins (rough endoplasmic …
Cell division There are two types of cell division; mitosis and meiosis Mitosis Meiosis Occurs in somatic cells Occurs in gametes Results in 2 diploid daughter cells Results in 4 haploid daughter cells Daughter cells are genetically identical to parent …
Lower back pain: prolapsed disc A prolapsed lumbar disc usually produces clear dermatomal leg pain associated with neurological deficits. Features leg pain usually worse than back pain often worse when sitting The table below demonstrates the expected features according to …