Elbow pain The table below details some of the characteristic features of conditions causing elbow pain: Lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) Features pain and tenderness localised to the lateral epicondyle pain worse on resisted wrist extension with the elbow extended or …
Rheumatoid arthritis: diagnosis NICE have stated that clinical diagnosis is more important than criteria such as those defined by the American College of Rheumatology. 2010 American College of Rheumatology criteria Target population. Patients who 1) have at least 1 joint …
Urethritis + arthritis + conjunctivitis = reactive arthritis Two of the classic three features of reactive arthritis (urethritis, arthritis and conjunctivitis) are present in this patient. The family history of colorectal cancer is of no particular significance. Symptoms of reactive …
Elbow pain The table below details some of the characteristic features of conditions causing elbow pain: Lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) Features pain and tenderness localised to the lateral epicondyle pain worse on resisted wrist extension with the elbow extended or …
Reactive arthritis Reactive arthritis is one of the HLA-B27 associated seronegative spondyloarthropathies. It encompasses Reiter’s syndrome, a term which described a classic triad of urethritis, conjunctivitis and arthritis following a dysenteric illness during the Second World War. Later studies identified …
eGFR variables – CAGE – Creatinine, Age, Gender, Ethnicity Chronic kidney disease: eGFR and classification Serum creatinine may not provide an accurate estimate of renal function due to differences in muscle. For this reason formulas were develop to help estimate …
ADPKD type 1 = chromosome 16 = 85% of cases ADPKD Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common inherited cause of kidney disease, affecting 1 in 1,000 Caucasians. Two disease loci have been identified, PKD1 and PKD2, …
Chronic kidney disease: proteinuria Proteinuria is an important marker of chronic kidney disease, especially for diabetic nephropathy. NICE recommend using the albumin:creatinine ratio (ACR) in preference to the protein:creatinine ratio (PCR) when identifying patients with proteinuria as it has greater …
Acute renal failure: acute tubular necrosis vs. Prerenal uraemia Prerenal uraemia – kidneys hold on to sodium to preserve volume Pre-renal uraemia Acute tubular necrosis Urine sodium < 20 mmol/L > 30 mmol/L Fractional sodium excretion* < 1% > 1% …
Glycosylated haemoglobin Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) is the most widely used measure of long-term glycaemic control in diabetes mellitus. HbA1c is produced by the glycosylation of haemoglobin at a rate proportional to the glucose concentration. The level of HbA1c therefore is …