Gastrointestinal hormones Below is a brief summary of the major hormones involved in food digestion: Location Stimulus Actions Gastrin G cells in the antrum of the stomach Distension of stomach, vogue nerves (mediated by gastrin-releasing peptide), luminal peptides/amino acids Inhibited …
The odds of symptoms resolution with amoxicillin = 60 / 40 = 1.5 The odds of symptoms resolution with placebo = 30 / 45 = (2/3) Therefore the odds ratio = 1.5 / (2/3) = 2.25 Odds and odds ratio …
Screening test statistics It would be unusual for a medical exam not to feature a question based around screening test statistics. The available data should be used to construct a contingency table as below: TP = true positive; FP = …
A contingency table can be constructed from the above data, as shown below: Down’s Not Down’s Test Positive 15 30 Test Negative 5 50 Positive predictive value = TP / (TP + FP) = 15 / (15 + 30) = …
Long QT syndrome – usually due to loss-of-function/blockage of K+ channels This patient is likely to have developed torsades de pointes secondary to a prolonged QT interval. Long QT syndrome Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is an inherited condition associated with …
Polycystic kidney disease is usually inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion and hence 50% of her children will be affected, regardless of gender. The autosomal recessive form is rare and usually causes death in childhood. ADPKD Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney …
The significance level of a test is defined as the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is actually true (a Type I error). It is often represented by the Greek symbol alpha. A study is only …
Cod liver oil provides around 1,300 IU per 15 ml serving Vitamin deficiency The table below summarizes vitamin deficiency states Vitamin Chemical name Deficiency state A Retinoids Night-blindness (nyctalopia) B1 Thiamine Beriberi, polyneuropathy, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, heart failure B3 Niacin Pellagra, …
Significance tests A null hypothesis (H0) states that two treatments are equally effective (and is hence negatively phrased). A significance test uses the sample data to assess how likely the null hypothesis is to be correct. For example: there is …
Molecular biology techniques SNOW (South – NOrth -West) DROP (DNA – RNA – Protein) Molecular biology techniques The following table shows a very basic summary of molecular biology techniques Southern Blotting Detects DNA Northern Blotting Detects RNA Western Blotting Detects …