Gastrointestinal hormones Source Stimulus Actions Gastrin G cells in antrum of the stomach Distension of stomach, vagus nerves (mediated by gastrin-releasing peptide), luminal peptides/amino acids; Inhibited by low antral pH, somatostatin Increases HCL, pepsinogen, and IF secretion; increases gastric motility; …
Molecular biology techniques SNOW (South – NOrth -West) DROP (DNA – RNA – Protein) Molecular biology techniques The following table shows a very basic summary of molecular biology techniques Blotting Technique What It Detects Southern blotting Detects DNA Northern blotting …
LH surge causes ovulation Menstrual cycle The menstrual cycle may be divided into the following phases: Days Menstruation 1-4 Follicular phase (proliferative phase) 5-13 Ovulation 14 Luteal phase (secretory phase) 15-28 Further details are given in the table below Follicular …
The odds of a patient with liver cirrhosis having a history of excessive drinking is 80/20 = 4. The odds of a patient without liver cirrhosis having a history of excessive drinking is 20/80 = 0.25. Therefore the odds ratio …
Cell organelles The table below summarizes the main functions of the major cell organelles: Organelle/Macromolecule Main Function Endoplasmic reticulum Translation and folding of new proteins (rough ER), expression of lipids (smooth ER) Golgi apparatus Sorting and modification of proteins Mitochondrion …
Oxygen dissociation curve shifts Left – Lower oxygen delivery – Lower acidity, temp, 2-3 DPG – also HbF, carboxy/methemoglobin shifts Right – Raised oxygen delivery – Raised acidity, temp, 2-3 DPG Oxygen dissociation curve The oxygen dissociation curve describes the …
Increasing the cut-off of a positive test result will decrease the number of false positives and hence increase the specificity Screening test statistics It would be unusual for a medical exam not to feature a question based around screening test …
This is clinically relevant as there are some situations where it is important to combine high glucocorticoid (antiinflammatory) activity with minimal mineralocorticoid (fluid-retention) effects. A good example is the use of dexamethsone for patients with raised intracranial pressure secondary to …
Anaphylaxis – serum tryptase levels rise following an acute episode Serum tryptase levels may remain elevated for up to 12 hours following an acute episode of anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis Anaphylaxis may be defined as a severe, life-threatening, generalised or systemic hypersensitivity …
Skin prick testing can be read after 15-20 minutes. Skin patch testing is read after 48 hours Allergy tests Skin prick test Most commonly used test as it is easy to perform and inexpensive. Drops of diluted allergen are placed …